The 12 parameters above can also serve as a base upon which further work can be carried out at the watershed scale in northern Nigeria since the application of the model is still relatively new in the nation. The similarity in climatic, soils, and land use conditions permits spatial calibration and validation method adopted in the watershed. Basins 69 and 83 observed monthly flow — was used for calibration and validated with another set of independent observed monthly flow — of Basins 62 and The streamflow validation parameters were used as a base to sediment yield calibration and validation.
The model result was calibrated from March to October using the suspended sediment concentration of the four reaches Kaduna, Sarkinpawa, Dinya and Gutalu with the corresponding weather and streamflow data to the period for simulation in SWAT. The sediments spatial calibration and validation were carried out, using the observed sediment data collected from Basins 69 and 83 March to October for calibration and those from Basins 62 and 79 March to October for validation Table 2.
Comparative analysis of the empirical and model prediction suggests a good correlation between the observed suspended sediment concentration and the simulated values in Basin 83 Fig. The model performance evaluation statistical summary in Basin 83 was highly satisfactory with NS of 0. These values strongly suggest perfect agreement between the observed and simulated values. However, the large r-factor of 7. The result revealed a perfect correlation that could yield a very good validation result and good model predictions Abbaspour et al.
Sub-basin 83 comparison of simulated and observed sediment during the calibration period March—October The performance evaluation statistical summary in Basin 69 shows the coefficient of determination r 2 and p-factor values of 0.
However, the r 2 0. These values according to Abbaspour et al. Sub-basin 69 comparison of simulated and observed sediment during the calibration period March—October However, r-factor of 2. Model uncertainties connote those activities that may result from data errors, unassuming anthropogenic activities e. According to Abbaspour , conceptual model uncertainty includes i processes occurring in the watershed that is not captured by the model e. The study area is marked by active artisanal mining Fig.
Usually, the process of mining especially when done by artisanal miners often leave heaps of tailings without reclamation, thus making it easier for runoff to transport such into nearby streams and rivers. The model validation was carried out using Kaduna and Gutalu reaches. The statistical summary for Basin 62 was good with NS of 0. The basin result is good and could lead to good predictions going by existing literature Abbaspour et al. Sub-basin 62 comparison of simulated and observed sediment during the validation period March—October.
However, Basin 79 result was quite modest with NS of Abbaspour et al. Sub-basin 79 comparison of simulated and observed sediment during the validation period March—October The r-factor of 2. However, the mismatches in timing and activities that cannot be adequately captured by the model do not in any way affect the prediction since the r 2 is within the acceptable standard.
All these uncertainties according to Abbaspour et al. A large watershed like Kaduna watershed will witnesses such uncertainties which explain the large r-factor predictions.
The overall results of the streamflow and sediment concentration based on the statistical evaluation performance using Nash-Sutcliff, Coefficient of Determination, p-factor and r-factor show that the SWAT model prediction in Kaduna watershed is under acceptable standards Krause et al. Therefore, the model performance evaluation satisfied the prerequisite of SWAT model predictions. Hence, the model prediction is considered reliable going by the acceptable standard.
The entire Kaduna watershed consists of 84 basins, with 69 in Kaduna sub-watershed, followed by Sarkinpawa and Gutalu with seven basins each and only one basin in Dinya Fig. Total predicted sediment yield of the 84 basins was presented Fig.
The highest sediment yields were in basins 67, 71 Sarkinpawa sub-watershed and 62 Kaduna sub-watershed with sediment values of Lowest sediment yield was recorded in basins 28, 63 and 68 Kaduna sub-watershed with values of Total sediment yield of about 2, The annual sediment yield in the watershed was estimated as The predicted sediment yields of Given that rainfall is the dominant medium of sediment transport in the study area, earlier predicted value of 8.
Conversely, the Betrie et al. Thus, the SWAT model application in sediment yield prediction in Kaduna watershed, Nigeria can be considered reliable. Implementation of sustainable sediment management will prevent reservoir siltation and sedimentation Anton et al. These, according to Yang , and Patrick may involve i sediment gathering in front of power intakes that can lead to momentous costs for hydropower operations, ii blocking of the intake and bottom outlet structures reservoir outlet works , iii abrasion of hydraulic machinery, thus declining generation efficiency and growing maintenance costs which could lead to expensive engineering resolutions.
In worse cases, dredging is frequently required to remove excess sediment to permit a full flow of water through the intakes UNESCO, The results obtained from this study revealed that a properly calibrated SWAT model is appropriate for hydrology and sediment yield modeling at the watershed scale level in Nigeria. The predictions will help the dam managers to guide against negative impacts of reservoir sedimentation such as a reduction in a dam storage facility, sediment build-up in front of power intakes and bottom outlets which could lead to expensive engineering resolutions or reservoir dredging.
Hence, extending the life of dams through careful management of sediment, using this kind of information should be a key priority. The application of these research findings will contribute to the prevention of possible greenhouse gasses generation from a household that would have been dependent on generators.
Since, at full capacity operation, the dam will supply energy to about , households in north-central Nigeria. Hence, prevent further increase in the number of the current generator users in Nigeria estimated to be 60 million.
Thus leading to a reduction in the amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in the region, which adds to the greenhouse effect, and believed to be raising earth's temperature. In all, calibrated and validated SWAT model is suitable as a management tool for planning and decision making at a watershed scale level in developing western Africa. Japheth Daramola: Conceived and designed the experiments; Performed the experiments; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data; Wrote the paper.
Toriman Mohd Ekhwan: Conceived and designed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data; Wrote the paper.
Ganiyu Adeniyi Adeogun: Performed the experiments; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.
Journal List Heliyon v. Published online Jul Ekhwan , a J. Mokhtar , a K. Adeogun b. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Daramola: moc. Abstract Over the years, sedimentation has posed a great danger to the storage capacity of hydropower reservoirs. Introduction The greatest challenge of dam construction is a reduction in storage capacity due to reservoir sedimentation WCD, ; Gottschalk, ; Petts, ; Cogollo and Villela, ; Evans et al.
Location and description of the study area The study area is upstream Shiroro dam north-central Nigeria, West Africa, located between Latitude 9. Open in a separate window. Results and discussion 3.
The sensitivity of sediment parameters to model output A total of 16 model parameters were evaluated to determine their relative Sensitivity to flow in the watershed. Table 1 Relative sensitivity of sediment parameters to model output. Performance evaluation, calibration and validation of sediment yield The similarity in climatic, soils, and land use conditions permits spatial calibration and validation method adopted in the watershed.
Sediment yield assessment and prediction of the study area watershed The entire Kaduna watershed consists of 84 basins, with 69 in Kaduna sub-watershed, followed by Sarkinpawa and Gutalu with seven basins each and only one basin in Dinya Fig.
Conclusion The results obtained from this study revealed that a properly calibrated SWAT model is appropriate for hydrology and sediment yield modeling at the watershed scale level in Nigeria. Declarations Author contribution statement Japheth Daramola: Conceived and designed the experiments; Performed the experiments; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data; Wrote the paper.
Project management acceptance and incorporation into the construction industry in developing countries has been gradual and slow.
Abbasi et al. It therefore becomes imperative that we seek to establish where we are as regards project management practices and to also seek the way forward Many definitions had been given to project by different authors, due to the fact that project is a multidisciplinary word that has different meaning from different perspective and orientations Olateju et al.
According to the Project Management Institute PMI cited in Pinto , a project is a temporary activity or endeavour undertaken purposely to create a unique output product or service within budget, time and standards. According to PMI , Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.
Project Management PM is accomplished through the use of such processes as: initiating, planning, executing, controlling and closing. In Nigeria today, there are constant news and reports of collapse of buildings and structures which have considerably led to loss of lives and or severe injuries. Also, a walk around urban areas shows a lot of abandoned projects and buildings that have been marked by regulatory bodies to be demolished, because they do not conform to the required standards.
Based on this background the researcher wants to investigate project management tools in construction project delivery using kaduna metropolis in kaduna state as a case study.
The study will be very significant to students and construction companies. The study will give a clear insight on the assessment of project management tools in construction project delivery. The study will also serve as a reference to other researchers that will embark on the related topic. The scope of the study covers assessment of project management tools in construction project delivery case study of kaduna metropolis in kaduna state.
The researcher encounters some constrain which limited the scope of the study;. I love the LCM, I wish someone would automate it!!! Hint C. I feel the LDB is very helpful working with adolescent psych. The only drawback is that the assessment is long and the kids loose interest if given in the paper form.
The kids tend to respond better to the computer version. The information is good and it helps you to get a better picture of the pt's leisure functioning. We use a holistic approach in assessing patients for physical rehabilitation. It is oriented toward functional gains and is a picture of the individual being assessed in relation to communication, dynamics of interaction socialization , motivation, cognition, and physical functioning. It is based on a 7 point scale similar to a fim. We utilize 2 assessment forms.
One is a standard interview assessment incorporting present and past interests, social skills, physical functioning and motivation. The other we designed for use with residents on ur dementia unit. It works out well, you get a good feel of their functioning level after the week and most of the catastrophic reactions have eased as they acclimate themselves. My facility just started using the Peirs' Harris self-Concept scale for our self-esteem group.
We use it as a pre-test post-test to hopefully measure an increase in self-concept after participating in our group. I am also trying to get the facility to start using the Jesness Inventory, which is a measure of adolescent delinquent behavior.
With this assessment I hope to be able to see which areas our clients are lacking in and then set up recreational activities that will help increase our clients asocial behaviors anonymous - Thursday, July 02, at PDT. It is very general and basic: interests premorbidly, pets, leisure barriers, goals. I often feel that we are too general, focused too much on diversional activities, and have nothing to show really to justify our being in contact with patients.
My facility, Adult Day Care, will not pay for a standardized assessmt. While working in Florida in geriatrics and mental health, I developed my own assessment format.
I included the following sections in overall leisure assessment: leisure history, current leisure interests, and future leisure pursuits. I also documented on areas that could cause potential barriers to current or future leisure functioning. The following areas or levels of functioning were identified: cognition, physical, emotional, financial, environmental, social, family support, and motivation.
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